Morfologia urbana e crescimento periférico nas cidades médias brasileiras: geotecnologias e inovações metodológicas aplicadas a Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Urban morphology and peripheral growth in Brazilian Intermediate Cities: geotechnologies and methodological innovations applied to Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Morfología urbana y crecimiento periférico en ciudades intermedias brasileñas: geotecnologías e innovaciones metodológicas aplicadas a Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Resumo A análise integrada da morfologia urbana e das características funcionais permite uma melhor compreensão da estrutura e da dinâmica intraurbana das cidades médias, indicando uma série de elementos que demonstram associações entre o espaço intraurbano e a intensidade e qualidade do relacionamento de uma determinada centralidade com o seu entorno. Com base no estudo de caso de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, apresentamos uma proposta metodológica de avaliação de aspectos morfológicos e funcionais de cidades médias, utilizando como principal fonte de dados o Censo Demográfico em conjunto com outras informações geoespaciais livres (i.e., modelo digital de terreno e imagens de satélite). Identificamos a distribuição espacial dos tipos de ocupação, isto é, a densidade de edificações dos tipos domicílio, comércio e serviços e em construção. Ademais, quantificamos e avaliamos as características (renda e estrutura etária) dos vetores de expansão de Monte Claros. Nesse município, identificamos a formação de centralidades intraurbanas menos desenvolvidas em relação a outros polos de desenvolvimento de Minas Gerais (Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre, dentre outros). Na cidade, a concentração das funções em duas centralidades (centro principal e subcentro de maior destaque) amplia a segregação socioespacial, diante da ausência de centralidades importantes nas proximidades das áreas de maior crescimento periférico entre 2000 e 2010.

Abstract Integrated analysis of urban morphology and functional characteristics allows for a better understanding of the structure and intra-urban dynamics of intermediate cities, indicating a series of elements that demonstrate associations between intra-urban space and the intensity and quality of the relationship of a given centrality with its surroundings. Based on the case study of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, we present a methodological proposal for evaluating morphological and functional aspects of intermediate cities using information from the Demographic Census and other free geospatial datasets (i.e. digital terrain model and satellite images). We identified the spatial distribution of the types of occupation, such as (a) density of residential type buildings, (b) trade and services and (c) under construction. Furthermore, we quantified and evaluated the characteristics (income and age structure) of the expansion vectors of Montes Claros. In Montes Claros, we identified the formation of less developed intra-urban centralities compared to other development hubs in Minas Gerais (Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre, among others). In the city, the concentration of functions in two centralities (the main center and the most prominent subcenter) increases socio-spatial segregation, given the absence of important centralities close to areas with the greatest peripheral growth between 2000 and 2010.

Resumen El análisis integrado de la morfología urbana y las características funcionales permite una mejor comprensión de la estructura y dinámica intraurbana de las ciudades intermedias, indicando una serie de elementos que demuestran asociaciones entre el espacio intraurbano y la intensidad y calidad de una determinada centralidad con su entorno. Con base en el estudio de caso de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, presentamos una propuesta metodológica para evaluar aspectos morfológicos y funcionales de ciudades intermedias utilizando como fuente principal de información del censo demográfico y otra información geoespacial gratuita (es decir, modelo digital del terreno e imágenes de satélite). Identificamos la distribución espacial de los tipos de ocupación, como 1) densidad de edificaciones de tipo residencial; 2) comercio y servicios, y 3) en construcción. Además, cuantificamos y evaluamos las características (estructura de ingresos y edades) de los vectores de expansión de Monte Claros. En Montes Claros, identificamos la formación de centralidades intraurbanas menos desarrolladas en comparación con otros polos de desarrollo en Minas Gerais (Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre, entre otros). En la ciudad, la concentración de funciones en dos centralidades (el centro principal y el subcentro más destacado) incrementa la segregación socioespacial, dada la ausencia de centralidades importantes cercanas a las áreas de mayor crecimiento periférico entre 2000 y 2010.

Geomorphometric environmental fragility of a watershed: a multicriteria spatial approach.

Knowledge and understanding of the functioning of watersheds is essential for constructing future scenarios that aim to minimize instability. However, new approaches including variables, methods, and techniques into traditional methodologies contribute to environmental planning and management of such territorial units. This study aims to propose a model based on a multicriterion spatial approach for the analysis of the geomorphometric environmental fragility of watersheds. This study was conducted in the Murundú-Paiol watershed, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Morphometric, geological, pedological, hypsometric, slope, land use, and land cover data were evaluated and integrated using geotechnologies for processing and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) considering a weighted linear combination for an integrated spatial analysis of the watershed. The study area shows a greater predisposition to fragility in areas of flat and smooth reliefs, especially around the main river, where there is a greater presence of anthropic areas. The methodology proposed here, which uses a multicriterion spatial approach and AHP, combined with technical and scientific data, allows replicating the model to another watersheds. Modeling was validated in a cooperative way using an in-field, traditional method. The watershed evaluated showed that 49.13% and 26.83% of lands have medium and low fragility, respectively, while about 17% of lands have a high fragility and their management should be a priority. Modeling correlates strongly and positively with fragility class detailing, and field areas corroborate the model proposed here. This evidenced a robust analysis of factors that affect the geomorphometric environmental fragility of watersheds. The method is efficient in contributing to environmental planning and management of this territorial unit.

Thermal favorability for the Oidium caricae and Asperisporium caricae in areas of edaphoclimatic aptitude for the Carica papaya.

Objective this study aimed to determine the thermal favorability for the oidium (Oidium caricae) and early blight (Asperisporium caricae) in areas of edaphoclimatic aptitude for the papaya (Carica papaya) in the Espírito Santo state, Brazil. The edaphoclimatic zoning was based on the overlapping of maps that characterize the average annual air temperature obtained by multiple linear regression, annual water deficiency calculated by the Thornthwaite and Matter method (1955) and favorable soil classes to the development of papaya. The results indicated that as regards the edaphoclimatic zoning for the papaya crop it was observed that 71.70% of the area is classified as apt for its development. In relation to agrometeorological favorability for the occurrence of fungal diseases, there was a favorability of 7.64% for the development without restrictions of the oidium and a predominance of 64,56% of favorability with thermal restriction. For the early blight fungus, it was observed that the zones of favorability without restriction correspond to 11.66% of the area apt for the papaya cultivation and that 55.13% of the area has favorability with restriction of humidity. The edaphoclimatic zoning for the papaya crop showed compatibility with the most productive areas of this crop in the state of Espírito Santo. The zoning of thermal favorability for the occurrence of papaya fungal diseases proved to be a valuable tool for studies of plant diseases, allowing the establishment of plans for the allocation of resistant varieties, in order to minimize the risks of loss of crop productivity due to the disease. This methodology presents potential to be used in other areas, cultures and phytopathological diseases.

Changes in past global solar radiation based on climate models and remote sensing in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Mudanças ocorridas da radiação solar global passada baseado em modelos climáticos e sensoriamento remoto no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The objective of this study was to perform a temporal and spatial analysis of the changes in the past global solar radiation based on climate models and remote sensing data in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the baseline period (1961-1990). Data from two climate models - the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis and Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory, were used for the A1B intermediate scenario, data from Conventional Weather Stations and orbital sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MODIS Land Cover Type (MCD12Q1). The results of the Spatial Dependence Degree indicate that the best model to represent the global solar radiation is CCCMA-Exponential dry 70.01 and rainy 0.21 respectively. It was possible to verify that in places where the areas are occupied by forests there was reduction of global solar radiation for both dry and rainy periods of approximately 13 MJ m-2d-1. These results indicate that these forest areas can function as islands of freshness, while maintaining the thermal comfort balanced. It was concluded that the dry period had the highest values of solar radiation compared to the rainy (57%), which can be justified by the occurrence of fires in Rio de Janeiro.

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise temporal e espacial das mudanças ocorridas da radiação solar global passada baseado em modelo climáticos e sensoriamento remoto no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil para o período baseline (1961-1990). Utilizaram-se dados de dois modelos climáticos o Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis) e Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory para o cenário intermediário A1B, dados de Estações Meteorológicas Convencionais e do sensor orbital Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MODIS Land Cover Type (MCD12Q1). Os resultados do Grau de Dependência Espacial indicam que o melhor modelo que representa a radiação solar global é o CCCMA-Exponencial seco 70.01 e chuvoso de 0.21 respectivamente. Foi possível verificar que em locais onde as áreas são ocupadas por florestas houve redução da radiação solar global para os dois períodos seco e chuvoso de aproximadamente 13 MJ.m-2.dia-1. Estes resultados indicam que estas áreas de florestas podem funcionar como ilhas de frescor, mantendo o conforto térmico equilibrado. Conclui-se que o período seco apresentou maiores valores de radiação solar em comparação ao chuvoso (57%), que pode ser justificado pela ocorrência de queimadas no Rio de Janeiro.

Risco ecológico da Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, RJ / Ecological risk of Lagos São João River Basin, RJ, Brazil

RESUMO A Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João (BHLSJ), no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, é reconhecidamente de grande importância para a conservação de recursos naturais e hídricos. No entanto, apesar dos constantes esforços de conservação e recuperação dos ecossistemas aquáticos, as ameaças e os desafios de gestão são diversos. A gestão dos recursos hídricos em bacias hidrográficas requer processos de tomada de decisão assertivos, para garantir a conservação das águas (em quantidade e qualidade) e os seus múltiplos usos. Para maior efetividade, esses processos demandam análise integrada de um grande número de variáveis que, em conjunto, podem gerar diferentes alternativas de gestão e cenários, facilitando, assim, a tomada de decisão. Nesse sentido, ferramentas de análise que possam identificar, quantificar e espacializar as ameaças efetivas à integridade ecológica dos ecossistemas aquáticos em bacias hidrográficas tornam-se relevantes. O presente artigo teve por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento e os resultados do diagnóstico da BHLSJ, gerado por meio de um protocolo baseado no risco à integridade ecológica. Como resultado da aplicação dessa metodologia, pode-se concluir que a BHLSJ se encontra em situação de moderado a alto risco ecológico - sendo ameaçada, principalmente, por fatores como a retificação dos rios e as pastagens degradadas - e necessita de ações urgentes de recuperação, com foco nas unidades hidrológicas mais ameaçadas.

ABSTRACT Lagos São João River Basin, located in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, is known of great importance for the conservation of natural and water resources. However, despite constant efforts to conserve and restore the aquatic ecosystems, many are the threats and management challenges. The water resources management in river basins requires assertive decision-making processes to ensure the conservation of water quantity and quality and its multiple uses. Aiming to be more effective, these processes require an integrated analysis of a large number of variables, which together can lead to different management alternatives and scenarios, thereby facilitating decision-making. In this sense, analytical tools that can identify, quantify and spacialize the current threats to the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems become relevant. This article aimed to present the development and results of the diagnosis of Lagos São João River Basin, generated through a risk-based protocol to ecological integrity. As a result of the application of this methodology, it can be concluded that Lagos São João River Basin is in a situation of moderate to high ecological risk, being threaten by river engineering and degraded grassland, demanding urgent restoration actions, focusing on the most endangered hydrologic units.

A new methodology for royalties distribution of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant: The hydrographic basin as the unit of analysis.

Over the past few years, many sectors such as energy generation, industry, domestic supply, and agriculture have encountered serious environmental problems due to the lack of rainfall. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the current methodology of royalties distribution from Itaipu hydroelectric plant. In the proposed approach, two criteria were considered to establish the division of Itaipu royalties: (1) the relative percentage of the water flow in the generation of electricity and, (2) the relative percentage of the drop in the height of water. 62 hydroelectric plants were evaluated in this study. In 52 plants the water flow was the factor that most contributed to the generation of electricity. In 2013, 346 municipalities benefited the Itaipu royalties. With the proposed methodology, 1,327 municipalities will receive the resource, what would increase the revenue of each of these municipalities by, on average, US$ 87,436.91 per year. The methodology presented herein proposes a reduction in the environmental disparity that now exists in Brazil, through improvement to Government instruments and environmental policies. The distribution of royalties throughout the watershed can provide additional resources to support payment programs for environmental services at the state and municipality levels.

Uso de sensoriamento remoto na identificação de corredores ecológicos: estudo de caso da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Formoso, Bonito, MS / Remote sensing applied to the identification of ecological corridors: case study of Formoso River Basin, Bonito, MS

RESUMO Os corredores ecológicos são importantes estruturas ambientais com a finalidade de conservação e recuperação da biodiversidade em áreas degradadas, decorrentes do desenvolvimento humano desordenado, que favorece a fragmentação florestal e a perda da conectividade entre os diversos habitats naturais. Com a utilização do sensoriamento remoto e de sistemas de informações geográficas, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar áreas com potencial para corredores ecológicos por meio de uma técnica automatizada, o que reduz o caráter pessoal na interpretação visual da imagem. Assim, realizou-se uma análise da conexão entre as Unidades de Conservação presentes na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Formoso, Mato Grosso do Sul, mediante a identificação das Unidades de Conservação, das Áreas de Preservação Permanente e dos fragmentos florestais remanescentes. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise da cobertura do solo.

ABSTRACT The ecological corridors are important environmental structures for the biodiversity conservation and restoration in degraded areas, result of uncontrolled human development, which favors vegetal cover fragmentation and loss of connectivity between habitats. With the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems, this research aimed to identify areas with potential for ecological corridors through an automated technique, which reduces personal character in image interpretation. Therefore, a connectivity analysis between the conservation units present in the Formoso River Basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, was performed through identification of Conservation Units, Legally Protected Areas and remaining forest fragments. In addition, a land cover analysis was carried out.

Simulação da quantidade máxima de domicílios permitida por quadras em Belo Horizonte / Simulation of the maximum number of households allowed by block in Belo Horizonte / /Simulación de la cantidad máxima de viviendas permitidas por cuadra en Belo Horizonte

O artigo propõe uma metodologia de simulação da quantidade máxima de domicílios comportada por cada quadra do município de Belo Horizonte. Os parâmetros utilizados na simulação foram extraídos das informações cadastrais da Prefeitura, associadas com os resultados dos Censos 2000 e 2010. A simulação é desenvolvida a partir de uma base georreferenciada das quadras do município, construída a partir do mapeamento dasimétrico da distribuição domiciliar na capital mineira em 2011. Em um segundo momento, é realizada a simulação do limite máximo de novos domicílios permitidos pelas leis municipais, caso todos os lotes vagos sejam ocupados em sua capacidade máxima e caso todas as edificações com potencial de demolição cedam lugar a novos edifícios residenciais também construídos em sua capacidade domiciliar máxima. Os resultados mostram qual seria o máximo de domicílios que poderia vir a se instalar em Belo Horizonte no futuro. Estas informações servem como insumo para os dados de projeções demográficas de pequenas áreas, ao apontar onde a expansão e o adensamento domiciliar podem ocorrer, bem como o limite máximo suportado em cada quadra. De forma complementar, são indicados caminhos para discutir os limites potenciais da ocupação urbana de Belo Horizonte, as áreas preferenciais de adensamento e suas implicações para o planejamento...

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology to simulate scenarios of maximum number of households for each city block in the municipality of Belo Horizonte. The parameters used in the simulation were obtained from municipal registration data as well as from the 2000 and 2010 Census results. The simulation is based on geo-referenced data for each municipal block combined with dasymetric mapping of the capital city's housing distribution in 2011. The study simulates the greatest amount of additional housing that would occur, under the limits of municipal law, if all vacant urban lots were occupied to their maximum capacity, and if buildings now at risk of demolition were substituted by new buildings constructed so as to yield their highest household capacity. The results show the maximum number of households that Belo Horizonte would have if these conditions were achieved. In addition to demonstrating the maximum number of households allowed in each city block, the paper identifies where urban expansion and consolidation is likely to occur. This exercise also provides a contribution to the field of small area population projections. The proposed scenarios additionally help to guide discussions about priority areas and potential alternatives for urban expansion and consolidation, as well as on their implications for urban planning...

Resumen El artículo propone una metodología de simulación de la cantidad máxima de viviendas que podría tener cada cuadra en el municipio de Belo Horizonte. Los parámetros utilizados en la simulación se extrajeron de la información del registro de la Municipalidad, asociada con los resultados de los censos de 2000 y 2010. La simulación se desarrolló a partir de una base de datos georreferenciada de las cuadras del municipio, construida mediante un mapeo dasimétrico de la distribución de las viviendas en la ciudad en 2011. En una segunda etapa se realizó la simulación del límite máximo de nuevas viviendas permitidas por las leyes municipales, en el caso que todos los lotes baldíos fueran ocupados a su máxima capacidad y que todas las edificaciones con potencial de demolición dieran lugar a nuevos edificios residenciales construidos también a su capacidad habitacional máxima. Los resultados muestran cuál sería el máximo de viviendas que podrían llegar a instalarse en Belo Horizonte en el futuro. Esta información sirve como insumo para las proyecciones demográficas de pequeñas áreas, pues muestra hacia dónde se puede producir la expansión y densificación de viviendas, además del límite máximo de viviendas soportado en cada cuadra. De forma complementaria, se sugieren caminos para discutir los límites potenciales de la ocupación urbana de Belo Horizonte, las zonas preferenciales de aglomeración y sus implicaciones para la planificación...

Geochemical barriers for environment protection and recovery of nonferrous metals.

A study of natural minerals, ore tailings and their products as materials for artificial geochemical barriers is presented. In particular, it focuses on interaction between calcite and dolomite and sulfate solutions containing nickel, copper and iron under static conditions. Calcite of -0.1 mm fraction has been shown to perform well as a barrier when added to water phases of tailing dumps and natural reservoirs. Experiments under dynamic conditions have revealed a high potential of thermally activated copper-nickel tailings as barriers. After a 500-day precipitating period on a geochemical barrier, the contents of nickel and copper in ore dressing tailings were found to increase 12- and 28-fold, respectively. An effective sorbent of copper, iron and nickel ions is a brucite-based product of hydrochloric acid treatment of vermiculite ore tailings. Its sorption capacity can be essentially increased through thermal activation.

Geotecnologias aplicadas ao planejamentode sistemas de abastecimento de agua urbanos:uma proposta metodologica / Geotechnologies applied to management of urbanwater supply systems: a methodologic proposal

A modelagem e otimização da disposição espacial de unidades de reservação que constituem os Sistemas Urbanos de Distribuição de Água (SUDA) são abordadas neste estudo sob a perspectiva do apoio à decisão no planejamento desses sistemas. Tendo em vista os avanços e técnicas encontrados nos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e a possibilidade de utilizá-los como Sistema de Apoio a Decisão Espacial (SADE), este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia que viabiliza a tomada de decisão em planejamento de SUDA. Utilizando critérios espacializados, são gerados mapas de riscos de desabastecimento em lotes urbanos que podem servir como indicadores em ações de planejamento e gestão, assim como são mapeadas zonas consideradas como ótimas para a localização de novas unidades de reservação, as quais constituem diretrizes no planejamento para expansão dos SUDA.

This research presents a modeling and optimizing alternative for water reservoirs placement of an Urban Water Supply Systems (UWSS). These systems are considered as decision making support systems for planning. The focus is the advances and techniques found in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the possibility to use it as Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS). This research presents a new methodology for decision making in a planning of UWSS. Risk Maps are produced using multi-criteria evaluation techniques for urban parcels. They can indicate some planning and management actions. It is established a suitability zoning to locate new water reservoirs units, which can support guidelines and planning for expansion of system.

Biotic factors and occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The relationships between environmental exposure to risk agents and health conditions have been studied with the aid of remote sensing imagery, a tool particularly useful in the study of vegetation cover. This study aims to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the reported canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases at an urban area of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sandfly captures were performed in 13 residences that were selected by raffle considering four residences or collection station for buffer. These buffers were generated from the central house with about 50, 100 and 200 m from it in an endemic area of VL. The abundance of sandflies and human and canine cases were georreferenced using the GIS software PCI Geomatica. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage of land covered by vegetation were the environmental variables extracted from a remote sensing IKONOS-2 image. The average NDVI was considered as the complexity of habitat and the standard deviation as the heterogeneity of habitat. One thousand three hundred sixty-seven specimens were collected during the catch. We found a significant positive linear correlation between the abundance of sandflies and the percentage of vegetation cover and average NDVI. However, there was no significant association between habitat heterogeneity and the abundance of these flies.

Caracterização de lavouras cafeeiras, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto, no município de Umuarama - PR / Characterization of coffee crops using techniques of geoprocessing and remote sensing in the city of Umuarama - PR

O sensoriamento remoto e o geoprocessamento são geotecnologias importantes no apoio ao levantamento de dados da agricultura, permitindo estudos e o entendimento das relações ambientais em que uma determinada cultura está inserida. Neste trabalho,objetivou-se, relacionar as variáveis físicas, como, altimetria, declividade e tipo de solo com o agrossistema cafeeiro existente no município de Umuarama-PR pelo uso de geotecnologias. Foi utilizada a imagem do satélite LANDSAT 5/TM (Thematic Mapper) com data de passagem em 02/07/2007 e o software SPRING 4.3.3. As bandas 3, 4 e 5 do sensor TM foram restauradas, resultando em imagens de 15 m de resolução espacial e, posteriormente, constituindo a composição colorida RGB, na sequência TM4, TM5, TM3, a qual foi empregada na identificação das lavouras cafeeiras por meio de interpretação visual. Para o estudo do relevo, foram utilizados dados da missão SRTM, os quais possibilitaram o conhecimento da altimetria e declividade da região. A imagem do sensor TM possibilitou a execução da classificação visual e consequente identificação das lavouras cafeeiras com alta precisão. Quanto ao relevo, verificou-se que aproximadamente 99 por cento das lavouras cafeeiras estão localizadas entre 380 e 480 metros de altitude e que 90 por cento destas estão situadas em declividades de até 8 por cento de inclinação. Em relação aos solos, observou-se que 89 por cento dos cafeeiros são cultivados sobre Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, de textura arenosa.

The remote sensing and geoprocessing are important geotechnologies in support of the survey data of agriculture, enabling studies and understanding of environmental relations in which a particular culture is insert. The objective of this work was to relate the physical variables, such as altimetry, slope and soil type with the coffee agrosystems in Umuarama-PR through the geotechnologies. The image of the LANDSAT 5/TM (Thematic Mapper) dated in 02/07/2007 and the software SPRING 4.3.3 were used for the image processing. The bands 3, 4 and 5 of the sensor TM were restored, which resulted in images of 15m spatial resolution and, later, creating the RGB color composition, which was used to identify the coffee crops through visual interpretation. For the relief map study, the data of the SRTM mission were applied, which enabled us to know the altimetry and declivity of the region. The image of the TM sensor enabled the visual classification and the consequent identification of the coffee crops with high precision. As for the relief area, it was noticed that about 99 percent of the coffee fields are located between 380 and 480 meters of altitude and that 90 percent of them are located in declivity of up to 8 percent of inclination. About the soils, it was observed that 89 percent of the coffee fields are grown over distrofic Red Latosol, of sandy texture.